PQQ as an Oral Supplement to Prevent Dementia and Possibly Autism

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PQQ as an Oral Supplement to Prevent Dementia and Possibly Autism

PQQ (a.k.a. pyrroloquinoline quinone) is a molecular super-hero for the body. PQQ is found in mother’s milk at concentrations five times higher than any food. Its’ presence in mother’s milk is no evolutionary accident. PQQ promotes generation of both new mitochondria for brain energy and new neurites for memory storage. PQQ is a heavyweight antioxidant that can deliver 20,000 knockout punches to oxidants compared to only 4 delivered by a lightweight antioxidant like vitamin C.

PQQ was first isolated in 1979, but only a few milligrams could be obtained from natural sources. This low availability prevented PQQ’s chemistry and mode of action from being defined.  In order to obtain larger quantities of PQQ a total organic synthesis from readily available chemicals became a vital part of improving our understanding. My former doctoral thesis advisor, Professor E. J. Corey was awarded a noble prize for developing a logical “retro-synthetic” method of designing synthetic routes to complex molecules. Corey and Alfonso Tramontano performed the first total synthesis of PQQ at Harvard in 1981²⁶⁰.  This synthesis made large amounts of PQQ available for research and has opened our eyes to PQQ’s remarkable properties. PQQ has been claimed to be a vitamin. This claim is controversial as PQQ is produced by our bodies, so for now we will call PQQ a cofactor or coenzyme.

There are six reasons to take PQQ:

·         PQQ protects mitochondria from oxidative stress due to nitric oxide (NO) produced by the brain’s glial cells in response to aluminum.  PQQ lowers NO production by inhibiting the expression of genes responsible for the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)^121,261-263. With the help of glutathione PQQ also acts as a stable antioxidant^264,265. 

·         PQQ promotes the generation of new mitochondria, called mitochondrial biogenesis²⁶⁶ that increases energy efficiency of mitochondria²⁶⁷.

·         PQQ increases production of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the mitochondria²⁶⁸ that results in increased neurite growth and improved memory^269,270.  

·         PQQ when taken before and after a stroke can help to avoid vascular dementia by reducing memory impairment due to lack of oxygen^271,272.  Since we don’t know when a stroke might occur, taking PQQ daily is advised.

·         PQQ partially inhibits Aβ oligomer formation from Aβ peptides, one of the hallmarks of AD²⁷³.

·         PQQ binds to α-synuclein preventing formation of aggegates²⁷⁴.  Formation of α-synuclein aggregates is believed to be the first step in Lewy body formation leading to Lewy body dementia (see Appendix I).

PQQ as an Antioxidant:  Too much or too little oxygen or some metal ions act as physiological stressors in the brain by stimulating brain cells to produce oxidizing chemicals (a.k.a. ROS)^121,122. The metal ions stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in microglial and astroglial cells of the brain to produce nitric oxide (NO) that reacts to produce ROS. This ROS can damage and kill neurons creating inflammation in the brain.  Aluminum tops the list of metal ions as a generator of ROS by the brain’s glial cells⁵⁸.

PQQ inhibits genetic expression of iNOS and thereby inhibits ROS formation in the brain²⁶³.  Also oxidized PQQ and reduced PQQ (a.k.a. PQQH₂₎ both exist in the brain as a highly stable redox cycle that protects the brain. The redox cycle works by glutathione first reducing PQQ to PQQH₂ and then by PQQH₂ reducing ROS and regenerating PQQ^264,265.  PQQ’s high stability allows this redox cycle to be repeated 20,000 times before PQQ becomes degraded as opposed to only four cycles for vitamin C²⁶⁴.  The PQQ redox cycle protects the mitochondria, from oxidative stress due to too much or too little oxygen or toxic metals¹²². 

Safety of PQQ Supplementation:  There have been no toxicological signs or symptoms reported as a result of daily PQQ supplementation given orally to humans at a dose of 20mg (milligrams, thousandths of a gram) per day^264,270.  In a 13 week study of PQQ given orally to rats a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of 100mg per kilogram body weight per day was observed²⁷⁵.    Experiments with mice showed no interaction with DNA (i.e. genotoxicity)²⁷⁶.  High daily doses of PPQ in excess of 60mg/day should be avoided due to the potential of kidney damage as observed in rats exposed to high doses of PQQ²⁶⁴.

PQQ Bioavailability and Sources:  PQQ is biosynthesized by the human body at a rate of 100-400 ng/day (100-400 billionths of a gram per day) with an estimated tissue concentration of 1-3 ng/gr of body weight (5-15nM)²⁶⁹.  Oral supplementation of 20 mg of PQQ in humans resulted in a PQQ serum peak of 9nM after each dose in 2-3 hours and a half-life in the serum of 3-5 hours²⁶⁹.  Ingested PQQ is both metabolized and reacts with proteins in humans resulting in only 0.1% being eliminated in the urine as PQQ.  PQQ is a natural product found in human breastmilk and some foods^277-279.       

Dietary Sources of PQQ277-279
Food	Nanograms PQQ per gram
Human Breastmilk	160*
Parsley	34
Kiwi Fruit	30
Papaya	30
Green Peppers	28
Tofu	24
Spinach	22
Celery	6

*Note: Currently PQQ is not listed as an ingredient in any baby formula

PQQ and Autism:  Biochemical characteristics of autism include activation of iNOS in glial brain cells with increased ROS production²⁸⁰.  This is a neuro-inflammatory process leading to local cell damage, synapse destruction, and brain under-connectivity²⁸⁰.  PQQ prevents this situation by both decreasing the expression of iNOS and chemically reducing ROS. PQQ also prevents brain under-connectivity by enhancing nerve growth factor (NGF) production that in turn stimulates the growth of neuronal connections.    It is therefore not surprising that PQQ is found in mother’s milk at a concentration 5 times higher than found in any other food²⁷⁹.  However PQQ is not found as an ingredient in any currently available baby formula. Since an amount of PQQ equivalent to 160 nanograms per gram of mother’s milk is inexpensive, there is no reason to continue the practice of not adding it to baby formula. 

PQQ as an Oral Supplement for Reversing Brain Ageing

PQQ stimulates neurite growth in the ageing brain.  A neurite is a projection grown from the cell body of a neuron resulting in an axion or dendrite that can extend a considerable distance in the brain in order to make a synaptic contact with another neuron’s neurite.  The process of neurite growth involves each neuron growing hundreds of neurites resulting in a complex neural network that allows the brain to store and process memory.  Neurite growth is stimulated by neural growth factor (NGF), a protein made in the brain.  NGF induces tau and MAP protein production that promotes microtubule assembly during neurite growth.  When NGF is removed from neurons, neurites disappear, microtubule mass decreases, and tau and MAP proteins decline to lower levels²⁸¹.  Neurite growth is important for short to long term memory conversion, brain plasticity, and for damage repair due to stroke.

PQQ stimulates both neurite growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. CoQ10 improves the energy efficiency of mitochondria. PQQ taken together with CoQ10 improves cognition in the ageing brain.  A study of how oral supplements of PQQ and CoQ10 enhance cognition involving 75 people who were 53 years old was recently conducted and published in Japan²⁷⁰.  In the 12 week study 1/3 of the group were given 20mg/day of PQQ at breakfast, 1/3 were given 20mg/day of PQQ and 300mg/day of CoQ10 at breakfast, and 1/3 were a control given a placebo.  People taking just PQQ and PQQ plus CoQ10 significantly out-performed the control group on the CogHealth test.  The group on PQQ plus CoQ10 significantly out-performed both the PQQ and control groups on the Stroop test.

Biochemistry of PQQ Stimulating NGF Production

PQQ administered to mouse astroglial cells induces the production of NGF by the astroglial cell²⁸².  Astroglial cells are star shaped and are located at synapses.  Astroglial cells produce extracellular signaling chemicals that remove excess potassium ions, and control the flow of chemicals from the blood to the brain.  Astroglial cells form a membrane called the glial limitans that regulates the movement of molecules, such as PQQ, from the blood into the brain.  This membrane forms what is called the blood-brain barrier.  Like PQQ the methyl ester of PQQ (2-carbomethoxy-pyrroloquinoline quinone) induces NGF production in cells from the CA1 region of the hippocampus²⁸³.  This methyl ester of PQQ has low toxicity and is believed to more readily cross the blood-brain barrier than PQQ.  Unlike PQQ, the methyl ester of PQQ is not yet commercially available or approved as an oral supplement.

270. link to paper https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-Oral-Supplementation-with-Quinone-on-and-Nakano-Yamamoto/902514c5ee790aa6922e45ee3df5418a8e2c97dc

 

Lose Weight by Decreasing Aluminum

Lose Weight by Decreasing Aluminum    

There are two primary energy sources for the body:

·         Carbohydrates in the form of sugars (i.e. glucose) produce energy by glycolysis to make acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle.

·         Fats in the form of triglycerides produce energy by beta-oxidation to make acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle.

Carbohydrates and fats are converted to energy in cellular organelles called mitochondria. Energy is produced by both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.  Environmental toxins can inhibit the production of energy from both carbohydrates and stored fats resulting in obesity. For instance aluminum at a concentration of some drinking water in the U.S. inhibits glycolysis.

Since development of the Bayer process for aluminum purification from bauxite in 1888, there has been a steady increase in the amount of aluminum humans ingest and accumulate.  Aluminum, at levels found in some drinking water (108ppb,108mcg/liter, 4mcM), inhibits hexokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in carbohydrate  metabolism (i.e. glycolysis)¹.  The biochemical response to the inhibition of glycolysis is the conversion of carbohydrates to fat as triglycerides comprised of long chain fatty acids².  This fat can be stored in adipose tissue or metabolized for energy.  However, aluminum also inhibits the production of L-carnitine required for movement of long chain fatty acids in stored fat to the mitochondria for conversion to energy^3-6.   Therefore aluminum inhibits two key steps in metabolizing carbohydrates and fats for energy generation:

·         Aluminum inhibits the first step of carbohydrate metabolism called glycolysis¹. Inhibition of glycolysis promotes the conversion of carbohydrates to stored fats (e.g. lipogenesis)².

·         Aluminum inhibits the biosynthesis of L-carnitine^3-6. L-carnitine is required for mobilizing stored fat as long chain triglycerides for mitochondrial energy production⁷.

The result of aluminum ingestion is therefore, more fat from carbohydrate, more fat being stored, and less fat being utilized for energy, resulting in obesity that does not respond to dieting.

Ketogenic Diet of Medium Chain Triglycerides for Coping with Aluminum Toxicity

 Switching from a low fat – moderate carbohydrate diet to a high fat – low carbohydrate diet results in higher than normal levels of chemicals called ketones in the blood.  For this reason the high fat diet is called a ketogenic diet.  The source of fat on a ketogenic diet can be from plant and/or animal sources, such as canola oil, coconut oil, and/or beef tallow.  All fats are primarily triglycerides comprised of fatty acids of varying chain length and unsaturation that are esterified to glycerol. These fatty acids are of three types: 

·         Long chain essential fatty acids (e.g. linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids)

·         Long chain non-essential fatty acids (i.e. EPA and 22C DHA)

·         Medium chain fatty acids  (i.e. lauric acid found as 50% of coconut oil)

 History of the Ketogenic Diet

 The fact that the human body can switch from carbohydrates to triglycerides as its primary source of energy is called the “Schwatka Imperative”.  This is named after Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka who volunteered for a 19 month 3,000 mile Arctic mission, taking with him only enough carbohydrate to last 10 months⁸.  On June 15^th of 1879 he ate his last hard bread and then it became imperative that his body switch to a diet of primarily fresh-killed reindeer meat with occasional fish. For the first two or three weeks on the ketogenic diet he felt “… an apparent weakness and inability to perform severe exertive, fatiguing journeys.”  Then miraculously after two to three weeks on the ketogenic diet his strength and stamina returned to normal. For example, during the last two days of the expedition he hiked 75 miles.

 Lieutenant Schwatka was looking for information on why the men of the Franklin Expedition perished in the Arctic a quarter century earlier. Schwatka was lucky he traveled ten years before the Bayer Process for aluminum purification from bauxite was developed in 1888. Since 1888 people in general have been dosed with ever increasing levels of aluminum that is impacting how their mitochondria generate energy.            

 Moderate Carbohydrate Diet with Supplements for Losing Weight and Aluminum

Johnston in 2006 compared 10 overweight people on a low fat and moderate carbohydrate diet with 9 overweight people on a ketogenic diet with high fat and low carbohydrate diet.  The groups were fed diets providing the following percentages of energy:

Moderate Carbohydrate Diet:    30% fat   -   40% carbohydrate   -   30% protein

Ketogenic Diet:   60% fat   -     5% carbohydrate   -   35% protein

After eight weeks the moderate carbohydrate dieters lost more weight than the ketogenic dieters.  The researchers concluded that the ketogenic diet did not offer any significant metabolic advantage over the moderate carbohydrate diet¹².

There are supplements of biochemicals naturally found in your body that taken daily will result in improved stored fat utilization and weight loss.  These supplements are:

·         Dissolved silica (a.k.a. OSA) for lowering your body-burden of aluminum^13-15

·         CoQ10 for improving your energy and cognition¹⁶

·         PQQ for increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and cognition^16-18

 

By lowering aluminum levels in your body, glycolysis and fat metabolism will return to normal.  This coupled with new mitochondria will allow you to metabolize or “burn” stored fat resulting in dieting with weight loss.

 There are also supplements of biochemicals naturally found in your body that will lower LDL and triglycerides, both of which are linked to an increased risk of vascular disease, such as stroke and heart attack: 

·         EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) for reducing triglycerides by 5 to 10%¹⁹

·         PA (palmitoleic acid) for reducing triglycerides by 15% and LDL by 8%²⁰

·         Vitamin D for reducing triglycerides by 23%²¹

Lowering triglycerides and LDL decreases the risk of vascular disease, heart attack, and stroke.  For more details on these supplements see my book “Prevent Alzheimer’s, Autism, and Stroke”²².

Ketogenic Diet with Fat from Medium Chain Triglycerides

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT), as opposed to long chain (i.e. 18 carbon atoms) triglycerides (LCT), do not require L-carnitine for mobilization and conversion into energy by the mitochondria¹⁰.  Therefore the metabolism of MCT is not inhibited by aluminum. Also the oxidative utilization (sum of digestion, absorption, and oxidation) of MCT can be 3 to 4 times greater than for LCT¹⁰.  These results were obtained with animals preconditioned to survive, like Lieutenant Schwatka, on a ketogenic diet¹⁰. 

 

Therefore the modern equivalent of the “Schwatka Imperative” is to either:

·         Remain obese while surviving on a diet of medium chain triglycerides or

·         Lose some weight by decreasing aluminum accumulation and eating a moderate carbohydrate diet.  

Many people are opting for the MCT diet, such as coconut oil, without lowering aluminum.  This will provide more energy and improved cognition. Unfortunately it will not result in weight loss since aluminum is still inhibiting the mobilization and conversion of stored long chain fatty acids to energy. Also:

·         MCT or Coconut oil does not contain essential fatty acids (e.g. linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid)

·         Lauric acid, comprising 50% of coconut oil, increases LDL by 16% in humans and LDL is linked to vascular disease, such as stroke and heart attack¹¹

References

1. Lai, J.C., and Blass, J.P.; Inhibition of brain glycolysis by aluminum; J. Neurochem.; Feb.; 42(2):438-46 (1984)

2. Mailloux, R.J., et al.; Hepatic response to aluminum toxicity: Dsylipidemia and liver diseases; Exper. Cell Res.; 317:2231-2238 (2011)

3. Gaballa, I.F., et al.; Dyslipidemia and disruption of L-carnitine in aluminm exposed workers; Egyptian J. Occup. Med.; 37(1):33-46 (2013)

4. Lemire, J., et al.; The disruption of L-carnitine metabolism by aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress promotes dyslipemia in human astrocytes and hepatic cells; Toxicol. Lett.; Jun.; 203(3):219-26 (2011)

5. Waly, M. I-A., et al.; Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal; Mol. Psychiatry; 9:358-70 (2004)

6. Waly, M. I-A., and Deth, R.; Neurodevelopmental toxins deplete glutathione and inhibit folate and vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase activity – a link between oxidative stress and autism, FASEB J.; 22:894 1 (2008)

7. Fritz, I.B., Kaplan, E., Yue, K.T.; Specificity of carnitine action on fatty acid oxidation by heart muscle; Am. J. Physiol.; Jan.; 202:117-21 (1962)

8. Schwatka, F.; The Long Arctic Search; Stackpole, E.A., Editor; No. 44; The Marine Historical Association, Inc.; Mystic, CT (1965)

9. Beattie, O., and Geiger, J.; Frozen in time – The fate of the Franklin Expedition; Bloomsbury (2004)

10. Heo, K.N., et al.; Medium-chain fatty acids but not L-carnitine accelerate the kinetics of [14C]triacylglycerol utilization by colostrum-deprived newborn pigs; J. Nutr.; 132:1989-1994 (2002)

11. Tsai, Y.H., et al.; Mechanisms mediating lipoprotein responses to diets with medium chain triglyceride and lauric acid; Lipids; Sep.; 34(9):895-905 (1999)

12. Johnston, C.S., et al.; Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets; Am. J. Clin. Nutr.; 83:1055-61 (2006)

13. Edwardson, J.A., et al.; Effect of silicon on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum; The Lancet; 342(8865):211-12 (1993)

14. Carlisle, E.M., and Curran, M.J.; Effect of dietary silicon and aluminum on silicon and aluminum levels in rat brain; Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord.; 1(2):423-30 (2013)

15. Davenward, S,, et al.; Silicon-rich mineral water as a non-invasive test of the 'aluminum hypothesis' in Alzheimers disease; J. Alzheimer's Dis.; 33(2):423-30 (2013)

16. Nakani, M., et al.; Effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on mental status of middle-aged and elderly persons; Food Style; 21 13(7):50-3 (2009)

17. Chowanadisai, W., et al.; Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and increased PGC-1 alpha expression; J. Biol. Chem.; Jan.; 285(1):142-52 (2010)

18. Onyango, I.G., et al.; Regulation of neuron mitochondrial biogenesis and relevance to brain heath; Biochim Biophys Acta; jan.; 1802(1):228-34 (2010)

19. Bernstein, A.M., et al.; Purified palmitoleic acid for the reduction of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum lipids: a double blinded, placebo controlled study; J.Clin. Lipidol.; 8(6):612-7 (2014)

20. Harris, W.S.; n-3 Fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies; A. J. Clin. Nutr.; 65(suppl.):1645S-54S (1997)

21. Rejnmark, L., et al.; Simvastatin does not affect vitamin D status, but low vitamin D levels are associated with dyslipidemia; Results from a randomized, contolled trial: Internat. J. Endrocrin.; Article ID 957174 (2010)

22. Crouse, D.N.; Prevent Alzheimer's, autism, and stroke, with 7 supplements, 7 life-style choices, and a dissolved mineral; Etiological Publishing (2016)

My Mom's Aluminum Free Coffee Maker

Before purchasing a coffee maker write to the company and ask if the water comes in contact with aluminum.  Unfortunately manufactures change their manufacturing.  

Update August 2024: My wife Laurie has learned information from a company about aluminum may not be accurate.  

My 91 year old Mom has Alzheimer’s disease.  In an effort to slow and possibly reverse the decline of her short term memory and the progression of her Alzheimer’s disease, I have been helping Mom lower her ingestion of ionic aluminum.  Aluminum ions are neurotoxic, killing neurons and inhibiting the ability of neural networks in the brain to store memories.  

The 7 largest epidemiology studies of aluminum in drinking water concluded that there is a greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease when routinely drinking water or any beverage with greater than 100mcg per liter of ionic aluminum.  This data convinced the World Health Organization to set a 100mcg per liter maximum limit of aluminum in drinking water.

Before age 77 people with Alzheimer’s accumulate aluminum faster than normal, partially accounting for why some of them have early onset Alzheimer’s.  But all people older than 77 accumulate aluminum faster than normal accounting for why in the U.S. one in three people over 80 have Alzheimer’s.  Therefore it is preventative to remove daily sources of aluminum ions from the diet and drinking water of everyone and particularly the elderly.

Surprisingly one of mom’s daily sources of aluminum is her Black & Decker drip style coffee maker (Model 1050).  After removing the safety screws on the bottom of the coffee maker, I found a heated horseshoe shaped aluminum tube that heats all the water that flows from the reservoir to the carafe.  In the process of heating the water, the inside of the hot metallic aluminum corrodes adding neurotoxic aluminum ions to the resulting coffee. 

Bottom view of Black & Decker Model 1050W With Bottom Plate Removed

 In order to find how much aluminum was added to mom’s coffee by the Model 1050 coffee maker, I tested and compared the aluminum concentration in water both before being added to the coffee maker and after being heated and passed into the carafe. I found the amount of aluminum added by Mom’s coffee maker to be extremely disturbing because of Mom’s age and condition and because there are millions of these types of coffee makers being used every day to make aluminum-laced neurotoxic coffee.

As the coffee maker is used, aluminum on the inside of the tube corrodes by pitting, thereby increasing the rate of corrosion.  Also if the coffee maker is used with hard water, a calcium and magnesium carbonate scale forms on the inside of the heated aluminum tube.  This carbonate scale is porous and does not slow the rate of aluminum corrosion.  The B&D Model 1050 used for 1 year with hard water makes coffee with an aluminum level of 264% of the World Health Organization’s maximum level in drinking water. 

Fiji water contains 94ppm of silica. After a coffee maker is used with Fiji water for 1 year, a silica scale forms on the inside of the aluminum tube.  Silica scales are harder and less porous than carbonate scales and reduce the aluminum corrosion rate.  Descaling the B&D Model 1050 with 50% vinegar in water removes both carbonate and silica scales but results in the descaled coffee maker adding even more aluminum to the coffee.

Due to the high level of aluminum found with the used B&D Model 1050, my interest in coffee makers became a temporary obsession. With the help of family and friends I began collecting and testing any coffee maker I could find. As the word of my initial results spread, discarded coffee makers began showing up on my doorstep.  Shockingly I discovered that coffee contacts aluminum in almost all my family and friend’s coffee makers. 

Examples of these coffee makers include the Presto percolator that is all stainless except for a large aluminum nut that holds the heater in place. Also the Krups F253 that is advertised with a brass heating tube but after removing the security screws on the bottom I discovered an aluminum heating tube.  

I also tested the Krups F253 using a single pass with Fiji water and found the aluminum corrosion to be reduced by only 10% to 85mcg/liter.  This shows that the silica scale is slow to form.

After finding such shockingly high aluminum levels in used coffee makers, my goal became trying to find for Mom an electric coffee maker in which the coffee never contacts aluminum.    Just because the manufacturer calls their product a “stainless steel coffee maker” does not mean the coffee never contacts aluminum.  The Jura Capresso MG900 is the only coffee maker found so far that states on the box “coffee never contacts aluminum”.  After much research on the internet and contacting coffee maker manufacturers the following coffee makers were obtained, tested, and found to not add aluminum to coffee:

Any Bunn coffee maker that has an internal stainless steel tank is fine.

Mom used the Krups Moka Brew for several months but ultimately found the carafe to be too hard to unlatch because of her arthritis. Now she uses the BUNN Speed Brew and likes its ease of use.  Both Mom and Dad have said the aluminum-free coffee tastes better than the aluminum-laced coffee.  This is not surprising as many people do not like the metallic taste of aluminum.  What makes me happy is that both Mom and Dad have reduced their aluminum ion ingestion by switching to a coffee maker in which the coffee never contacts aluminum.  This was an important step in reversing the decline of Mom’s short term memory. 

video on coffee makers

Video is made by Dennis 

Here are aluminum free coffee makers:

Updated August 2024 by Laurie Adamson

It is more challenging to find an aluminum free coffee maker.  Ones Dennis tested have been taken off the market.  

Drip Style :

Bunn Speed/Velocity Brew

Percolator: Faberware FCP 240-A (small), Faberware FCP 412 (large)

COLETTI Bozeman Camping Coffee Pot – Coffee Percolator – Percolator Coffee Pot for Campfire or Stove Top Coffee Making – 9 CUP

It appears Keurig has stopped making aluminum free coffee makers. 

Nespresso Type C110 (the aluminum cups have been tested and they are safe) 

If you would like to learn more about other sources of aluminum and other lifestyle choices which will improve cognitive functioning buy Dennis books.  

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