Reversing the Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways in the Aluminum Age

 

Reversing the Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways in the Aluminum Age

Dennis N. Crouse 8-16-26

Hypometabolism is a biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease and is measured as the degree of inhibition of the first step in glycolysis. Glycolysis is the primary pathway that metabolizes carbohydrates. Aluminum inhibits the first step in glycolysis and other metabolic pathways resulting in lower energy production from the food we eat. The metabolic pathways in our bodies that produce energy from carbohydrates and fatty acids are facilitated by several different enzymatic sequences:

·       Glycolysis of carbohydrates to pyruvate from which acetyl-CoA is produced

·       Beta-oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

·       Krebs cycle converting acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide

Remarkedly, the human body’s biochemistry can switch from 100% carbohydrate diet to a 100% fatty acid diet. This dietary switch-over is called the “Schwatka Imperative”.  This is named after Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka who volunteered for a single-handed 19-month 3,000-mile Arctic mission looking for information on why the men of the Franklin Expedition perished in the Arctic¹. Schwatka intentionally took with him only enough carbohydrate to last the first 10 months.  On June 15th of 1879 he ate his last hard bread and then it became imperative that his body switch to a diet (a.k.a. keto diet) of primarily fresh-killed reindeer meat with occasional fish. For the first two or three weeks on the ketogenic diet he felt “… an apparent weakness and inability to perform severe exertive, fatiguing journeys.”  Then miraculously after two to three weeks on the ketogenic diet his strength and stamina returned to normal. For example, during the last two days of the expedition he hiked 75 miles.

Sixteen years later Dr. Fridjof Nansen and Lieutenant Fredrik Hjalmar Johansen made a dash for the North Pole from their ship the “Fram” with the intention of eating a ketogenic diet of freshly shot polar bear meat when their supplies ran out after the first month². Unable to find the “Fram” on the shifting arctic ice they hiked hundreds of miles and after fifteen months they accidentally encountered the Jackson Expedition on June 17th of 1896 on Cape Flora in Franz Joseph Land³.  Remarkably at the time of this encounter both men were in excellent health.  Dr. Nansen, who stood 6 feet 2 inches tall, was 21 pounds over his normal weight of 184 pounds and Lieutenant Johansen was “a sturdy muscular little chap ... the picture of health” according to Jackson³. These dietary experiments proved that a ketogenic diet does provide strength and stamina.    

Schwatka was lucky he traveled ten years before the Bayer Process for aluminum purification from bauxite was developed in 1888. Nansen and Johansen were also lucky as by 1890’s aluminum had not yet entered the food supply on the scale seen during aluminum age that began in 1900. Since 1900 people living in the aluminum age have been dosed with ever increasing levels of aluminum that negatively impact the three metabolic pathways resulting in energy deprivation. This is called hypometabolism and is a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The prevalence of AD has increased exponentially as has the worldwide production of aluminum in the aluminum age (shown in figure 1).

     Figure 1. Exponential growth of AD prevalence and worldwide aluminum production in the aluminum age⁴

Glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the Krebs cycle comprise the primary biochemical pathways for energy production in living organisms on earth. Aluminum at physiological concentrations (i.e., 36 – 75mcMolar in the brains of those with AD) inhibits these pathways. causing energy deprivation and hypometabolism⁴.

Glycolysis starts with the enzyme hexokinase converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and ends with two pyruvic acid molecules, two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules. The concentration of aluminum required to drop an enzyme’s activity to 50% is called IC50.  Aluminum inhibits hexokinase at an IC50 of 4-9mcMolar⁵.

The link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and required cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate (a.k.a. vitamin B1) and lipoic acid. Pyruvic acid is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and a molecule of NADH. In addition, the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (PC), with required cofactor biotin, adds carbonic acid to pyruvic acid making oxaloacetate. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids also produces acetyl-CoA in the body (see below).

This link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is inhibited by low levels of thiamine in the plasma of those with AD but not Parkinson’s disease⁶. Low levels of thiamine is caused by oxidation of thiamine. Aluminum generates reactive oxygen species (ROS such as hydrogen peroxide) in human neuronal glial cells⁷. Hydrogen peroxide is converted in the body to hypochlorous acid by the enzyme myeloperoxidase⁸. Hypochlorous acid oxidizes thiamine to three metabolites (shown in figure 2)⁸. Aluminum generated hydrogen peroxide causes thiamine loss by oxidation in the brains of those with MCI and AD.

Note that benfotiamine, a thiamine derivative, when taken as a supplement boosts blood and brain thiamine levels and helps to restore brain glucose metabolism. Benfotiamine at a daily dosage of 25mg or more per day is 2-3-fold more readily absorbed by the intestine than thiamine¹⁵. Benfotiamine does not remove aluminum and is not an FDA-approved medication for AD.  

Krebs cycle starts with citrate synthetase combining acetyl-CoA with oxalacetate making citric acid. The citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid with the enzyme aconitase. Aluminum inhibits aconitase at an IC50 of 25mcMolar⁹. The Krebs cycle is also fed by glutamate being converted to alpha-ketoglutarate by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).  Aluminum inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase at an IC50 of 25mcMolar^9,10.  

For every molecule of glucose entering glycolysis two molecules of NADH and two molecules of pyruvate are produced. The two pyruvate molecules are oxidized to make 2 more molecules of NADH. Also, the Krebs cycle turns twice producing two ATP (or GTP) molecules, six molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH₂. Therefore, each molecule of glucose entering glycolysis and Krebs cycles produce an NADH to FADH₂ ratio of 10/2 = 5.   

 

                             Figure 2. Oxidation of thiamine by hydrogen peroxide and myeloperoxidase⁸

Beta-oxidation requires the prior conversion of long-chain fatty acids to acylcarnitine for importation into the mitochondria by the carnitine shuttle. The enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of transferring the acyl group of acyl-CoA to L-carnitine. A translocase shuttles the acylcarnitine from the cytosol across the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is converted back to acyl-CoA and L-carnitine. Fatty acids other than 16-carbon palmitic acid can be substrates for CPT1. The number of beta-oxidation cycles equals the number of carbons in the fatty acid divided by 2 and then subtract 1. For example, palmitic acid requires 7 cycles for complete beta-oxidation.

Each beta-oxidation cycle produces one molecule of NADH, one molecule of FADH₂ and one molecule of acetyl-CoA. Each cycle of the Krebs cycle requires one molecule of acetyl-CoA and produces one ATP (or GTP) molecule, three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH₂. Therefore, each cycle of the beta-oxidation and Krebs cycles produce an NADH to FADH₂ ratio of 4/2 = 2.   

Aluminum (10-100mcMolar) and hydrogen peroxide (40mcMolar) lowers L-carnitine levels by inhibiting the activity of two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of L-carnitine: gama-butyrobetainealdehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) and butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBDOX) and lowering expression of BBDOX¹¹.

Aluminum impairs the body’s ability to use stored fatty acids as an energy source by lowering L-carnitine levels in the blood, decreasing beta-oxidation, and causing cellular lipid accumulation. Also since fatty acids are a component of triglycerides, it is not surprising that occupational aluminum accumulation results in both low L-carnitine and high triglyceride levels in the blood¹². In women with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and early-AD  free-carnitine levels are significantly lower than controls¹³. In men and women with AD there are significantly decreased levels of acylcarnitine compared with controls¹³.  

Note that daily dietary carnitine intake for an omnivororus adult provides insufficient carnitine to compensate for urinary losses¹⁶. Therefore, carnitine biosynthesis does contribute to overall carnitine supply. Also, the bioavailability of carnitine supplements is low¹⁶.     

Reversing Aluminum Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways with OSA

Regularly drinking water rich in orthosilicic acid (3-4 cups a day with OSA greater than 48ppm) lowers aluminum levels in the body and restores energy production in the brain. My mother was diagnosed first with aMCI due to declining cognition/memory and then Alzheimer’s due to her accelerated brain atrophy. At age 86 she started regularly drinking OSA (Fiji water 146ppm). Within a year her cognition including memory  improved. My mother was APOE 3,4. My mother lived to 97 and did not die of end-stage AD. 

I am APOE-2,4 age 80 and have been drinking OSA rich water (Silicade 146ppm) for over a decade. I have lowered my aluminum body burden to a level considered safe by the Mayo Clinic (less than 0.48mcMoles/24hr.) as tested by periodic 24-hour urine tests provoked by regularly drinking 3-4 cups of OSA 146ppm daily. I do not have aMCI, MCI, or AD

Palliative Therapy for AD

Lieutenant Schwatka completely switched from carbohydrates to a keto diet with only “… an apparent weakness and inability to perform severe exertive, fatiguing journeys.” He performed the Schwatka imperative in 1879 before the aluminum age that began with aluminum purification from bauxite in the 1890’s. Because we now all have an aluminum body burden, it has become more difficult to completely switch, but the body will still try to adapt.

Adaptation involves reconfiguring the amount of three respiratory complexes (CI, CII, and CIII) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) from NADH to FADH₂ dependent enzymes by using ROS to degrade CI to CIII. The NADH to FADH₂ ratio switches from 5 to 2 during the Schwatka imperative. This requires using the redox status of coenzyme CoQ10 as a metabolic sensor of ROS generated by reversed electron transport (RET) of the mETC (see figure 3)¹⁴. The Schwatka imperative does work to provide some palliative relief from AD but does result in added ROS generation due to RET and aluminum accumulation.

Figure 3. During the Schwatka imperative the mETC is optimized to better handle the different fuel using CoQ10 (Q) as a metabolic sensor and ROS generated by RET to degrade CI to CIII¹⁴.

A curative therapy for AD is available that involves lowering the body burden of aluminum to recover normal operation of glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the Krebs cycle. This therapy does not involve a dietary change and reconfiguration of the mETC as it only requires removing aluminum by daily drinking an OSA rich mineral water.

  

References

1.    1. Schwatka, F.; The long arctic search – The narrative of Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka, U.S.A. 1878-1880; Marine Historical Association; Mystic Connecticut (1965) 

2. 2. Nansen, F.; Farthest north; Vol. 1 -2; Harper and Brothers: NY and London (1898)  

3. 3. Jackson, F.G.; A thousand days in the arctic; Harper and Brothers: NY and London (1899) 

4. 4.   Crouse, D.N.; Finding a cause and potential cures for Alzheimer’s disease; Climbing the ladder of causation; Etiological Publishing (2022) 

5. 5.     Lai, J.C., and Blass, J.P.; Inhibition of brain glycolysis by aluminum; J. Neurochem.; Feb.; 42(2):438-46 (1984) 

6. 6. Gold, M., et al.; Plasma thiamine deficiency associated with Alzheimer’s disease but not Parkinson’s disease; Metab. Brain Dis.; Mar.; 13(1):43-53 (1998) 

7. 7.  Pogue, A.I., et al.; Metal-sulfate induced generation of ROS in human brain cells; Detection using an isomeric mixture of 5- and 6-carboxy-2’,7’-dichlorofluorexcein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA) as a cell permeant tracer; Int. J. Mol. Sci.; 13:9615-26  (2012) 

108.  Sasatsuka, H., et al.; Quantitative analysis of oxidized vitamin B1 metabolites generated by hypochlorous acid; Free Radical Biol. Med.; May; 152:197-206 (2020)  

9. 9.   Zatta, P., et al.; Effects of aluminum on activity of Krebs cycle enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase in rat brain homogenate; Eur. J. Biochem.; 267:3049-55 (2000) 

1010.  Yang, S.-J., et al.; Inactivation of human glutamate dehydrogenase by aluminum; Cell. Mol. Life Sci.; 60:2538-46 (2003) 

1111.  Lemire, J., et al.; The disruption of L-carnitine metabolism by aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress promotes dyslipidemia in human astrocyte and hepatic cells; Toxicol. Lett.; June; 203(3):219-26 figures 6,7 and 8 (2011)  

1212.  Gaballa, I.F., et al.; Dyslipidemia and disruption of L-carnitine in aluminum exposed workers; Egyptian J. Occupat. Med.; 37(1):33-46 (2013) 

1313.  Bigio, B., et al.; Sex differences in mitochondrial free-carnitine levels in subjects at-risk and with Alzheimer’s disease in two independent study cohorts; Mol. Psych.;  30:2573-83 (2025)  

1414.  Guaras, A., et al.; The CoQH2/CoQ ratio serves as a sensor of respiratory chain efficiency; Cell Reports; 15:197-209 (2016)  

1515.  Fujiwara, M., et al.; Review of the Japanese literature on beriberi and thiamine; Chapter VIII. Absorption, excretion, and fate of thiamine; Table 55; p205; Vitamin B Research Committee of Japan; Editors: Shimazono, N. and Katsura, E. (1965)  

1616.  Krims-Davis, K., et al.; Low bioavailability and high TMAO production: Novel insights into acetylcarnitine and carnitine metabolism; Mol. Nutr. Food Res.; 69:e70316 (2025)

  

Good News ! Reduction of aluminum in body by 40%

My wife, Laurie and I have been drinking silica water for 8 years and did our first test for aluminum 2 years ago. We recently did another 24 hour urine test for aluminum (October 2023). We reduced our body burden of aluminum by 40% in the past 2 years by drinking silica rich mineral water.

We are now below the Healthy Adult category. I am 77 and Laurie is 69 years old. See table below.

Here is a link for ordering the test in the US. You have to have a lab near you and some states do not allow you to use this service. order 24 hour urine test

These results are incredible as they prove that drinking 4 cups of OSA rich water each day and avoiding dietary aluminum can lower “aluminum accumulation”. This AD biomarker, can be reduced and maintained at levels below that of an average 22-year-old by drinking Silicade daily for 6 years and can be further reduced 40% by drinking Silicade daily for 2 more years. (Silicade is the recipe Dennis developed for making your own silica water)

Here are our results for 2021 and 2023

· Total 24-hour urinary aluminum levels in 2021:

· 0.74mmoles/24hr for Dennis

· 0.44mmoles/24hr for Laurie

· 2021 Healthy young adult category

· Total 24-hour urinary aluminum levels in 2023:

· 0.55mmoles/24hr for Dennis

· 0.33mmoles/24hr for Laurie

We also work hard at eliminating sources of aluminum we are exposed to.

Here is the table.

Here is a link with more information on doing a 24 hour urine test for aluminum and how to interpret the results. How to test for aluminum

Improvements we have seen from drinking silica water:

Laurie and I did not have any noticeable cognitive issues prior to drinking silica water but we have seen improvements in our cognition. 

At 77 I have no major medical conditions and I am in shape enough to lead a large group of new parents on a 1 ½ hour 3 mile hike in the woods every week. My skin is still very flexible and my hairdresser commented that my face does not have any wrinkles despite the fact I have a few wrinkles. I have no pain in my joints, hips, and knees. My eyesight is good with no pathology. 

My brain power remains undiminished as evidenced by the publication of my 4th book this year. Do I attribute this all to drinking silica water for 7 years, no. Silica water is responsible for my continuing to have low blood pressure (both my parents had/have heart disease). Silica water has helped maintain and improve my cognition. My word recall and my ability to retain what I have read and apply it have improved. I also attribute my good health to routine daily aerobic exercise which I have being doing my entire adult life (45 minutes every other day). In the morning I sometimes experience stiffness and for the first few minutes hiking. This has decreased somewhat since starting silica water.  

The cognitive changes Laurie has noticed from drinking silica water are a “sharper brain”. For example, less word finding problems, less “senior moments” and her thinking is clearer and faster. The biggest surprise was we lost weight. We did not consider ourselves needing to loose weight when we started drinking silica water. We lost the weight slowly over a year or so. I am now back to the weight I was in high school. Dennis is back to his weight in college.  Aluminum inhibits two key steps in metabolizing carbohydrates and fats for energy generation.   Here is more information.  Remove aluminum loose weight

Here is a link to more anecdotal information from people with MCI and Alzheimer's.  Improvements

Silicade - Measuring Spoons Alert - Change in product 2023

 

Measuring Spoons for Making Silicade 5/5/23

In 2014, when the recipe for Silicade was developed, measuring spoons listed as Norpro 3061D Mini Measuring Sets were available online at Dine Company’s Restaurant Store.

                                         

By 2023 Norpro and Dine no longer sell 3061D measuring spoons and Norpro now sells newly designed 3061 oversized measuring spoons. Beware online as some companies, such as “Lily’s TV Items”, claim to sell Norpro 3061D measuring spoons but they ship only the new 3061 oversized measuring spoons.

In 2023 there are a number of similar commercially available measuring spoons, some of which are nearly identical to the 3061D and some of which are not identical in spite of attempts at standardization (see references).  In 2023 a half dozen of these similar commercially available measuring spoons were tested by filling them to level, not heaping, with water on a balance with 1mg resolution.  The measuring spoons sold on Amazon by three companies: Yellrin, Beryler, and Dostien, were found to be nearly identical to 2014 Norpro 3061D measuring spoons (see below table).

Do not buy Norpro 3061 or 3080 or Table Craft H723 measuring spoons as they all have over-sized level smidgens and the Norpro spoons also have non-standard incorrect level dash volumes.

Water Volume in Cubic Centimeters (cc) of Level Dash and Smidgen Measuring Spoons
Vendor / Year Purchased	ASIN (Amazon Number)	Bar Code	Each Engraved with Fraction of tsp	Volume of Level Dash	Volume of Level Smidgen
Norpro 3061D (Dine) / 2014	No Longer Available	---	No	0.50cc	0.16cc
Yellrin (Amazon)   / 2023	B0958CDQS4	X0031NIPLZ	Yes	0.52cc	0.15cc
Beryler (Amazon) / 2023	B091SW8BD5	X002UZ3227	Yes	0.51cc	0.15cc
Dostien MS-5PC (Amazon) / 2023	B0BBKRJXGK	---	Yes	0.51cc	0.15cc
The Following Measuring Spoons are Not Recommended
Norpro 3080  (Amazon) / 2023	B016VDB512	28901 03080 3	No	0.42cc	0.17cc
Norpro 3061 (Amazon) / 2023	B0002IK4PQ	28901 03061 2	No	0.72cc	0.25cc
TableCraft H723 / 2023	Available from Webstaurant	27875 05972 7	No	0.52cc	0.21cc

Note: making Silicade with Norpro 3061 measuring spoons will make it 40% stronger and making Silicade with Norpro 3080 measuring spoons will make it 17% weaker than recommended.

In the Silicade recipe one dash and two smidgens of sodium silicate monohydrate and one dash of sodium bisulfate are dissolved together in a gallon of tap water.  The following table shows the amount of these chemicals per dash and smidgen:

Volume (mg) of Level Dash and Smidgens of Silicade Ingredients
Measuring Spoon Type	Volume of a Level Dash of Sodium Silicate	Volume of a Level Smidgen of Sodium Silicate	Volume of a Level Dash of Sodium Bisulfate
Yellrin	350mg	125mg	830mg
Beryler	350mg	125mg	830mg
Dostien	350mg	125mg	830mg

 

Note: All three of these recommended measuring spoon types have their fraction of a teaspoon (tsp) engraved on the handle. Spoons that do not have this fraction of a tsp engraved on their handles are not recommended.

The Silicade recipe calls for a level dash and two level smidgens totaling 600mg (6.17mM) of sodium silicate monohydrate and a level dash of 830mg (6.01mM) of sodium bisulfate monohydrate added to a gallon of tap water (pH <8.5) resulting in Silicade (pH 4-5). If your tap water’s pH is greater than or equal to 8.5, in order to get the pH to just below 5 may require an added smidgen of sodium bisulfate monohydrate. After filtration through a Brita filter, two smidgens of sodium bicarbonate (i.e., baking soda) are added in order to elevate the pH of Silicade to 6.5 or greater.

References

1)     Pinch, Dash, and Smidgen; Internet Accuracy Project; https://www.accuracyproject.org/pinchdash.html (2009)

2)     Rowlett, Russ; How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement; Univ. North Carolina at Chapel Hill; http://alltootechnical.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/4075543/dict_units.pdf (December 2003) The following is quoted from this document:

“dash (ds) an informal unit of volume used in food and drink recipes. Originally the dash was usually a liquid measure, small but indefinite in amount, roughly 1/8 teaspoon or a little less. More recently it has been used as both a liquid and dry measure. Kitchen supply stores in the U.S. and other countries have begun selling sets of “minispoons” in which the dash spoon is designed to hold exactly 1/8 teaspoon, which is roughly 0.02 fluid ounce or 0.6 milliliter.” Note that this definition is of a heaping liquid 1/8 teaspoon not a level 1/8 teaspoon that is 0.51cc (0.51 milliliter).  

“smidgen a very small quantity of material. Until recently, no one thought a smidgen was an actual unit of measure, but recently kitchen supply stores in the U.S. and other countries have begun selling sets of “minispoons” in which the smallest spoon, labeled “smidgen,” is designed to hold exactly 1/2 pinch or 1/32 teaspoon, which is roughly 0.005 fluid ounce or 0.15 milliliter. The word is a diminutive of “smutch” or “smudge”; it originally meant a small spot.”

Note” milliliter is equal to cubic centimeter (cc) and 1 gram of water

Links for ordering measuring spoons:

Yellrin  https://www.amazon.com/Measuring-Spoons-Stainless-Liquid-Ingredients/dp/B09J8CDQS4/ref=sr_1_6?crid=210UDC16DVRZE&keywords=Mini%2BMeasuring%2BSpoons%2BSet%2Byellrin&qid=1683303844&s=home-garden&sprefix=mini%2Bmeasuring%2Bspoons%2Bset%2Byellrin%2Cgarden%2C85&sr=1-6&th=1

Beryler https://www.amazon.com/dp/B091SW8BD5?ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details&th=1

Dsotien https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BBKRJXGK?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details

Silicade Frequently asked questions

      Frequently asked questions about making Silicade 

 

1.     Can I use RO, distilled water instead of tap water to make Silicade?

 

Yes you can.  However, these waters do not have minerals so you should add calcium and magnesium.  Directions for this at the end of the recipe.

 

2.     Can I heat the sodium silicate solution to boiling stovetop instead of using a microwave? 

 

Yes.  You can use a small stainless steel/glass pan and boil the solution stovetop.

 

3.     Do I have to use a Brita filter in the recipe or can use the filter I already own?

 

You must use the Brita filter.  The Brita filter removes more than 90% of aluminum, lead and mercury but does not remove the OSA (which is the form of silica in Silicade). Some water filters made by other manufacturers add aluminum to the water.  Some filters remove OSA.   

 

4.     I am using RO water do I still need to use a Brita filter?

 

Yes. There are impurities in the ingredients and the Brita will remove these impurities.

 

5.     My water tastes funny?

 

Check the pH of the Silicade you made.  Everyone’s taste buds are different.  You want the water to be between 6.5 to 8.5.  At the lower end water is acidic and at the upper end the water is basic.  Adjust the pH with the baking soda for your taste.

 

6.     I see crystals after I boil the sodium silicate solution, should I boil longer?

 

No.  What you are seeing is 0.5% water insoluble impurities in the sodium silicate.

 

7.     Can I use another vendor/manufacture for purchasing the sodium silicate?

 

No.  Many other forms of sodium silicate from other vendors have been tested and do not have the required amount of OSA to make the recipe.

 

8.     I cannot get the ingredients in my country ? 

 

Here is a company which gives you an address in the US.  https://www.myus.com/

How much Silicade can I make with the 2 pounds of sodium silicate ?  

The 2 pounds of sodium silicate will make 1,1511 gallons. This is 6,044 days per person of silica water (4 cups a day).  You will need 9- 4 ounce bottles of sodium bisulfate to make this amount of Silicade.  

9.      Can I make a concentrated form of Silicade ?   No. OSA over 200 ppm is unstable. resulting in polymeric OSA. 

 

10.  Can I use metasilicate instead of sodium silicate?  No.  Metailicate is a polymere of silica which can not be readily converted into OSA. 

 

11.   Can I store Silicade and for how long?  Yes.  Don’t store in direct sunlight. Silicade is stable for more than a month and is probably stable much longer. 

 

12.   Can I double the recipe?  Yes. 

Here is a link to the Recipe for making Silicade